latin abbreviations in writing

writing_center@unc.edu, Hours : id estIt means “that is.” Use i.e. There is a small handful of abbreviations for Latin terms that are used (and misused) frequently in English writing. is used to refer to the same work and page number(s) as the previous citation, while op. in parentheses should be equivalent to what comes before-you should be able to switch them without changing the meaning of the sentence. This article takes a look at some of the common errors that researchers make in the usage of abbreviations and explains how to avoid them. Let’s take a look at each of them, what they mean and how they can be used. cit. Category: Abbreviation in Academic Writing. In all modern style manuals, ibid. For example, you might see sentences like “the construction of Stonehenge began circa 3000 BCE.” More rarely, you may see circa in reference to measurements of amounts, such as “circa $45,000” or “c. Though occasionally misidentified as an abbreviated word, sic is a Latin adverb used in English as an adverb, and, derivatively, as a noun and a verb. when you want to provide specific examples of a generalization.i.e. or cir.). Meaning . Latin Abbreviations. Latin abbreviations: e.g., i.e., et al. Abbreviations (the shortened form of a word or phrase) and acronyms (words formed from the initial letters of a phrase) are commonly used in technical writing. Why use Latin abbreviations in your writing? : exempli gratiaIt means “for example.” Use e.g. The abbreviations inf. Prepare a text with lots of Latin abbreviations (or prepare at least ten unrelated sentences if it’s too difficult to make a single text combining all the abbreviations). Instead, use i.e. but "exempli gratia." It isn’t necessary to use etc. For example: Like sic, passim is not an abbreviation, but it is included here as a Latin term commonly used to save space in bibliographic entries. It’s All Latin to Me: Latin Abbreviations in Scholarly Writing by Chelsea Lee . in your writing. and e.g. For example, ‘etc.’ which is the short form of the phrase et cetera. It may be a bit longer, but the gain in clarity and ease of reading is worth it. Italicization. Many Latin abbreviations are used in APA Style papers to save space. The abbreviations loc. For instance, the word ‘et’ (Latin for 'and') is never written out in full. Acronyms are a kind of abbreviation that is formed from the first letters (letters or syllables) of a word or phrase. This abbreviation of exempli gratia (“for example”) is not only often left bereft of its periods (or styled eg. However, somewhere I read I should avoid them. Latin abbreviations. when you want to further explain or rephrase a previous statement: “I like many TV shows (i.e., I’ll watch pretty much anything).” These abbreviations definitely do not mean the same thing, so be careful when you are selecting e.g. Even if you decide that you don’t want to use Latin abbreviations in your own writing, you’re still going to encounter them in other texts. Abbreviations are commonly used in research manuscripts as they can help make highly complex technical writing more concise and easier to read. About Latin terms and abbreviations Despite the fact that Latin is no longer the international language of scholars, bits and pieces of it can still be found scattered around. and e.g. The abbreviation “et al.” is used both inside and outside of parentheses. (Latin Terms in Referencing) If you want to sound smart and/or pretentious, dropping the odd Latin phrase into conversation is a good way to go. List of Common Latin Abbreviations for APA Style . Useful list of 270+ text abbreviations … by Rene Tetzner | Aug 28, 2019 | Abbreviation in Academic Writing | 0 | A Few Latin Abbreviations for References: ‘Ibid.’ and the ‘Id.’ Group Latin abbreviations used to... Read More. used in a way similar to ibid. In both cases, punctuate as if the abbreviation were spelled out in the language in which you are writing. and op. This is the Latin abbreviation for “id est,” meaning “that is.” Use i.e. Using the Abbreviation Etc. Is it acceptable to use Latin abbreviations such as "etc" and "e.g." as representing an equal sign (=). In academic writing and in APA, we have particular parameters around … In some instances, i.e. correctly: Mercury is not equivalent to the rocky planets-they’re not the same thing. Many Latin abbreviations are still used in English, though more usually in writing. The abbreviation viz. Survey respondents ranked their choices in order of preference: first, second, third, and so forth. For example, in a paper ab… My approach is to teach the terms that make up the frequency. Learn how they're used here. You may see it abbreviated as c. or ca. Punctuation of Latin abbreviations is an even thornier issue. How to count in Latin (lingua Latina) with cardinal and ordinal numbers. If the information has already appeared in an earlier note, sup. is capitalized when it begins a note. The Latin abbreviation et al. These little remnants of Latin have had a long and colorful life separated from their original language and context. This gives readers meaningful content that helps them remember what you’re talking about. Latin Abbreviations of Comparison q.v. As with viz., it is generally acceptable to use i.e. For example, AD stands for Anno Domini, which is Latin for the year of the Lord.. stands for nota bene, which literally translates as “note well,” although in practice you can read it as “pay attention.” It is used in endnotes or footnotes to call the reader’s attention to a particularly important piece of information-such as a key assumption of or exception to an argument-that is nevertheless not crucial enough to be included in the main body of the paper. cit. cit. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a written word or phrase that is used in place of the whole. Instead, the scribes use an abbreviation mark, just as we often use … is only used to repeat the preceding citation exactly. In both cases, punctuate as if the abbreviation were spelled out in the language in which you are writing. cit. Throughout the Medieval and Renaissance times Latin, though extinct from the colloquial speech, had been the language of science and that of academic writing. Make sure not to confuse “e.g.” and “i.e.”. You would use q.v. Cibum: meal You should not list all of the possible examples. points out three common Latin abbreviations that are never italicized: "e.g.," "et al." There are many Latin abbreviations used in everyday English, such as “etc.,” “e.g.,” “i.e.,” and “N.B.” However, there are also many other Latin abbreviations in academic writing. tells the reader that Farmer Brown sells many different types of produce, including apples oranges and carrots. In general, are not Latin abbreviations more formal than "OK" or "&"? = Mix. Writing Tips explains modern-day Canadian usage in a straightforward and uncluttered manner. Notes for APA Style : ... All abbreviations in the first section should be used inside of parentheses only, that is, ... it is included here because it occurs in non-APA scholarly writing and readers may be otherwise unfamiliar with it. is used at the end of a list, it should be preceded by a comma just like the other elements of the list. Latin Term Common Abbreviation Translation; A... ad: ad: to, up to : ad lib. The MLA (7th ed.) tends to emphasize the precision and exactness of what follows and is thus a stronger version of i.e. Just like acronyms, Latin abbreviations are widely used in academic writing, and surely you have come across the most popular of them already. Who knew?) The first column shows the Latin abbreviation, the second column shows the full Latin phrase, and the third column shows the plain English to use instead. as “but compare this to.” It is generally preceded by citations of works that are sources for the author’s argument and then followed by one or two examples of works that somehow differ from or depart from the argument. For example: In the first sentence, the use of e.g. The reader is expected to know how to locate this information without further assistance. Versus translates as “against” or “as opposed to.” Versus is used to express conflict or comparison. When using grammar acronyms can be as well. there is a space (and no period) after et in this abbreviation. 1.5 mL.” Your meaning will often be clearer to readers if you stick with English in the main body of your text and save “c.” for things in parentheses and notes. More can be used, but only if they are simple and can be expressed in a single word or short phrase. ), it’s also frequently confused for a similar abbreviation you’ll find below. if you wanted to make reference to something elsewhere in your paper; while c.f. Notice that switching the rocky planets and Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence. used in bibliographical entries for books, articles, or other publications that have several authors (usually four or more) in order to save space. Latin Abbreviations. Abbreviation . stands for et cetera, which translates literally as “and others” or “and the rest.” A more useful translation that can be substituted for etc. stands for the Latin contraction scilicet which translates literally as “it is permitted to know,” but a more useful translation is “namely” or “as if to say.” It is often used to provide a clarification, remove an ambiguity, or supply an omitted word. instead of viz. While etc., e.g. There is, however, a very important and useful difference between these two abbreviations. Below is a list common symbols and abbreviations for note taking that you should learn to speed up your writing. Instead, put them inside parentheses followed by a comma, or write out full words. eadem Example use . Introduction: In this article, Mary Harrell-Sesniak explains some of the old terms—many of them derived from Latin—that genealogists encounter during their family history research.Mary is a genealogist, author and editor with a strong technology background. are different. and stresses the clarity of what follows. If you find yourself using a Latin abbreviation in the main part of your sentence, instead write out what it stands for. The phrase is: ‘Sciant presentes et futuri quod...’ It means ‘Know all here present and to come, that...’ Can you make out the letters in these four examples, from 1230, 1317, 1388 and 1452? Latin Abbreviations. may both be acceptable, but using one or the other will drastically change the meaning of the sentence. Latin Abbreviations Need Punctuation. Some of these bits are very common and are even seen in non-academic writing, while others are much more obscure. at the end of a list following e.g. Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.) 7. Table contents. The abbreviation e.g. Also, notice that N.B. when discussing works with multiple authors and v. in the titles of court cases. Introduction. The one exception, of course, is in academic writing. and e.g. Throughout history, terms come and terms go—and thankfully for most people, archaic expressions disappear. and e.g. (exempli gratia, Latin for “for example”) i.e. This particular page focuses on common Latin and non-English abbreviations used in research and writing that students should know. Usually, these abbreviations take a full stop, “.“, after the last letter in each abbreviated word, although some publications dispense with the periods (like eg, ie, et al, etc). The virgine filia reference tells you that Catharine was the daughter of Stephanus and the filius cond notation indicates that Michael was the son of Georgii of Tarnok. ... (That's Latin for before noon. Instead, use short English phrases; it will be easier for you to write and for your reader to understand! In this sense, viz. refers only to the same work and may or may not be followed by page numbers. In general, you can replace both of these abbreviations with “see below” and “see above” without any change in meaning. The information contained in the parentheses provides a few examples to help clarify the meaning of produce. Abbreviation . Never write "and etc." Therefore, it could be more appropriately translated as “yes, that’s actually what it says.” Depending on the style you’re using, sic is italicized and placed in brackets after the word or phrase it identifies (as in APA and Chicago), or it is simply placed in parentheses after the entire quote (as in MLA). Those which continue to be used relatively frequently in modern scholarship (‘et al.’ is a good example) tend to be clear to readers familiar with academic or scientific writing, but a few Latin abbreviations once common in references are now used so rarely and by so few scholarly publishers that correct patterns of usage and even their meanings have become clouded. We hope that this handout will be useful to you as you decipher the Latin terms and abbreviations in your reading and perhaps begin to use them in your own writing! (exempli gratia, Latin for “for example”) i.e. Although it is not strictly necessary to explain how these works are different, you might find it useful to include a short phrase for the benefit of your reader. stands for sub verbo, which translates as “under the word.” It is used when citing a specific entry in a dictionary or encyclopedia. than to write et cetera or the English equivalent of ‘and others’. Personally I think, they are. Didn't find what you need? id est: that is: e.g. However, in the text of your paper, you should instead use the English translations of these abbreviations. Mark. in formal academic writings? You may see it in the main body of academic texts, in phrases such as “man versus nature,” “measured in kilograms versus pounds,” or “protectionism versus free trade.” Versus and its abbreviations also appear frequently in the titles of books and articles. and op. If the information will appear in a later note (where a more complete citation or explanation is perhaps more appropriate), inf. Therefore, it might be more useful to read cf. Latin Abbreviation Latin Phrase English Translation; i.e. Da. In the second sentence, the use of i.e. Latin abbreviations in medicine (to name a few) M.D.S. are old forms used in bibliographic citations similar to ibid. Placing a Period After Each Letter in an Acronym or an Initialism: Though there are exceptions, as a general rule omit the periods: NATO, DVD, IBM. and e.g. You will generally see et al. — the abbreviated form of the Latin phrase "nota bene" (literally, "note well"). cit. Best plagiarism checker of 2020; Plagiarism report & percentage; Largest plagiarism database; Scribbr Plagiarism Checker. Read our website accessibility and accommodation statement. However, when spelled in full, they are italicized. There are some Latin abbreviations that are common in academic writing. Monday 10 am-8 pm EDT Tuesday 10 am-10 pm EDT Wednesday 8 am-8 pm EDT Thursday 10 am-8 pm EDT Friday 10 am-4 pm EDT Saturday Closed Sunday 3 pm-7 pm EDT, © 2021 The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. Both appear inside parentheses and offer extra information that helps explain what’s come before. List of Common Latin Abbreviations for APA Style . These are the two most often misused and confused Latin abbreviations-and for good reason. They are: e.g. It is important to understand these abbreviations not only so that you can correctly interpret bibliographic citations, but also so that your citations can be accessible to your readers. : The Latin abbreviation etc. In some fields, including chemistry, medicine, computer science, and geographic information systems, acronyms are used so frequently that the reader can feel lost in an alphabet soup. Add the abbreviations dictation. 0127 SASB North The first rule to follow is that Latin abbreviations are only appropriate to use within parentheses. See these examples of sentences with Latin abbreviations paired next to sentences with the English translation. Academic writing uses a lot of Latin abbreviations. List page number 2 They are used to indicate that information will be more fully explained or cited elsewhere. stands for the Latin word confer which means “compare.” It is primarily used in endnotes or footnotes to point readers to works that the author recommends referencing in comparison with the work at hand. In such cases, the name of the first author will be given in full and then followed by et al. Abbreviations in English Writing. In lists where you use etc., be sure all the listed items are of the same kind. Until the end of the 18 th century, all scholarly books and articles were written in Latin. Note taking symbols and note taking abbreviations! “compare” or “consult” (used to provide contrasting or opposing information) Abbott (2010) found supportive results in her memory experiment, unlike those of previous work (cf. For example: LOL = laugh out loud mins = minutes abbrv = abbreviation. But academic writing uses other Latin abbreviations too. Doctoral Capstone Preproposal Starter Kit, APA Formatting & Style: Latin Abbreviations (video transcript), website accessibility and accommodation statement, Office of Student Experiential Learning Services. is used. is chiefly a legal abbreviation of Latin et sequens, meaning "and the following one"—or et sequentes (the Latin masculine and feminine plural) or et sequentia (the neuter plural), both of which mean "and the following ones." or i.e. However, they can also cause a lot of confusion, and make communication unclear if they are not used with caution. when you want to provide more specific information about something you mentioned.etc. Simply knowing what an abbreviation stands for and how to translate the underlying Latin words does not necessarily tell you how the abbreviation is used in actual modern practice. The abbreviation N.B. The terms ‘et al.’ and ‘ibid.’, for instance, are among several Latin abbreviations used in referencing. Many Latin abbreviations are used in APA Style papers to save space. Do not use etc. Some journals put all Latin abbreviations in italics, either with or … For example, NASA stands in for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The abbreviation q.v. Latin Abbreviations Need Punctuation. However, Latin abbreviations have been used when prescribing. Dec 4, 2014 - FunSubstance.com - Constant updates of the funniest, most awesome, & best entertaining stuff on the web! As with etc., there is no need to include ‘and’ before et al., but do notice that unlike etc. There are two Latin abbreviations that we commonly use in our writing. cit. Notes for APA Style : Used inside of parentheses only . They are: e.g. This page is a resource for Doctor Wheeler's students in composition and literature. tells the reader that Farmer Brown sells only apples, oranges and carrots -nothing else. means) and remove any ambiguity about where additional information is located. Use e.g. List page number 2 at the end of a list introduced by "such as" or "including." : et ceteraIt means “and so forth.” Use it when you’re providing a partial list of details. The abbreviation i.e. This handout will explain Latin terms and abbreviations you may see in academic writing, will demonstrate how to use the most common ones correctly in your own writing, and will present Latin abbreviations used as shortcuts in citations. Etymology and historical usage. The abbreviation loc. (919) 962-7710 In some fields, including chemistry, medicine, computer science, and geographic information systems, acronyms are used so frequently that the reader can feel lost in an alphabet soup. Survey respondents ranked their choices in order of preference (first, second, third, etc.). While it’s perfectly acceptable to use English phrases instead of Latin abbreviations, there’s a reason why these abbreviations have survived and continue to be used today: they contain a lot of meaning in a very small package. confer: compare: c.v. curriculum vitae: curriculum vitae: ead. stands for id est, which translates literally as “that is.” Sometimes it might be more useful, however, to translate it as “what that means is” or “that is to say.” This abbreviation is used to clarify the preceding idea by restating it more simply or in different terms. In contrast, The Writer’s online style guide states that there is “no need for full stops” when writing eg, ie or any abbreviations, acronyms or initialisms. If you cite the same source but a different page number, you can use ibid. ; it’s understood that there are more examples than those that you’ve given. But academic writing uses other Latin abbreviations too. The list of Latin abbreviations in Writing. Abbreviating References to Specific Pages in Source Texts. cf. (id est, Latin for “that is” or “in other words”) These terms are often misused. Search our website or email us. stands for quod vide, which translates literally as “which see,” although in practice it means something more like “for which see elsewhere.” It is used in notes after a word or phrase to indicate that more information can be found about the topic somewhere else in the current work. "Now, pay attention!" For example: "e.g." Abbreviation Latin English; A.M. ante meridiem: before noon: c. or ca: circa: about; approximately: cf. But others are more specific. followed by a comma and the page number(s). The abbreviation cf. Key to abbreviations: m = masculine, f = feminine, n = neuter If any of the numbers are links, you can hear a recording by clicking on them. is appropriate. Here are some terms for Frequency to keep in mind. You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Writing Center One notable exception: APA style allows writers to use the abbreviation et al. is the only Latin abbreviation that should be capitalized. What is your plagiarism score? OET recommends to avoid Latin abbreviations and to write them in full English form. … When you use them, try to substitute the abbreviation … Although it is not an abbreviation, sic is included here because it is one of the more frequently used Latin terms.

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