psychology 2e chapter 1

Literally, PhD refers to a doctor of philosophy degree, but here, philosophy does not refer to the field of philosophy per se. 58 terms. Their claims may be based on psychological research, but they may be hype instead – Thinking critically about claims in psychology will help you in your daily life 5 6. Chapter Outline 12.1 What Is Social Psychology? Behaviorism commonly used animals in experiments under the assumption that what was learned using animal models could, to some degree, be applied to human behavior. 12.2 Self-presentation 12.3 Attitudes and Persuasion 12.4 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience 12.5 Prejud Skip to Content Psychology 2e Freud relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free association as means to access the unconscious. Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for good. It should come as no surprise, then, that individuals earning bachelor’s degrees in psychology find themselves in a number of different careers, as shown in Table 1.1. It should be noted that clinical psychologists and psychiatrists do different things and receive different types of education. In this sense, it has remained a descriptive science, rather than one seeking to determine cause and effect. Regardless of whether earning a PhD or PsyD, in most states, an individual wishing to practice as a licensed clinical or counseling psychologist may complete postdoctoral work under the supervision of a licensed psychologist. Despite these issues, several Gestalt principles are still very influential today. G. Stanley Hall was the first president of the APA. Jones unconditioned fear in Little Peter, who had been afraid of rabbits (Jones, 1924). These individuals might take on faculty positions that are exclusively devoted to conducting research. Contemporary Psychology Learning Objectives. Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was Sigmund Freud (Figure 1.4). Evolutionary psychology, and specifically, the evolutionary psychology of humans, has enjoyed a resurgence in recent decades. There are many areas of human behavior for which evolution can make predictions. Relevant master’s degrees are also sufficient for individuals seeking careers as school psychologists (National Association of School Psychologists, n.d.), in some capacities related to sport psychology (American Psychological Association, 2014), or as consultants in various industrial settings (Landers, 2011, June 14). Despite this, conditioned learning is still used in human behavioral modification. Chapter 6 12. By 1967, Ulric Neisser published the first textbook entitled Cognitive Psychology, which served as a core text in cognitive psychology courses around the country (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Behaviorism dominated experimental psychology for several decades, and its influence can still be felt today (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Two of the most well-known proponents of humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers (O’Hara, n.d.). This interdisciplinary approach often was referred to as the cognitive sciences, and the influence and prominence of this particular perspective resonate in modern-day psychology (Miller, 2003). The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Each listing provides the name of the video, the source, a summary, and some ideas for activities, questions, or … Chapter 2: Research Methods Introduces the fundamentals of research and statistics with the help of Samantha Futerman and Anaïs Bordier, identical twin sisters who were separated at birth and reunited at age 25. As expert witnesses, forensic psychologists must have a good understanding of the law and provide information in the context of the legal system rather than just within the realm of psychology. Chapter 2 4. Chapter 1 Introduction to Educational Psychology This chapter will help you answer the following questions about yourself and your learners: • What stages of development can I expect to pass through during my first year of teaching? However, by 2020, this number is expected to increase to about 55 million. These are all factors of interest to someone working in the domain of sensation and perception. Early developmental psychologists focused primarily on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood, providing enormous insight into the differences in physical, cognitive, and social capacities that exist between very young children and adults. Sometimes, students take a psychology course because it either satisfies a general education requirement or is required for a program of study such as nursing or pre-med. Licensed clinical or counseling psychologists can then work in a number of settings, ranging from private clinical practice to hospital settings. Counseling psychology is a similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Since they are openly licensed, you are welcome to retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute as desired. In most areas of psychology, this means earning a PhD in a relevant area of psychology. Often times, schools offer more courses in psychology than their full-time faculty can teach. Once someone earns a PhD, they may seek a faculty appointment at a college or university. Thus, a humanistic movement within psychology began to take hold. Before the time of Wundt and James, questions about the mind were considered by philosophers. Individuals earning a PhD can work in a variety of settings, depending on their areas of specialization. A significant proportion of its members are international, although the majority is located in the United States. Each of the dimensions of the Five Factor model is shown in this figure. Industrial and organizational psychologists apply psychological concepts to I-O settings. One other drawback of evolutionary psychology is that the traits that we possess now evolved under environmental and social conditions far back in human history, and we have a poor understanding of what these conditions were. toddsmrekar55 TEACHER. Social psychologists have also sought to determine how being among other people changes our own behavior and patterns of thinking. Someone with a clinical background might become a forensic psychologist and work within the legal system to make recommendations during criminal trials and parole hearings, or serve as an expert in a court case. The requirements to earn a PhD vary from country to country and even from school to school, but usually, individuals earning this degree must complete a dissertation. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. This is not meant to be an exhaustive listing, but it will provide insight into the major areas of research and practice of modern-day psychologists. Unfortunately, in moving to the United States, these scientists were forced to abandon much of their work and were unable to continue to conduct research on a large scale. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Until the 1960s, the science of psychology was largely a “womanless” psychology (Crawford & Marecek, 1989), meaning that few women were able to practice psychology, so they had little influence on what was studied. The study concluded that results from studying any one of the groups could not be extended to the other groups, and yet potential causes of the differences were not measured. Chapter Summary The science of social psychology began when scientists first started to systematically and formally measure the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of human beings. This type of research approach is known as a(n): _____. In many ways, this particular perspective would have directly contradicted Wundt’s ideas of structuralism (Thorne & Henley, 2005). These factors along with the rise of behaviorism (described next) in the United States prevented principles of Gestalt psychology from being as influential in the United States as they had been in their native Germany (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Furthermore, Rogers’ client-centered approach to therapy is still commonly used in psychotherapeutic settings today (O’hara, n.d.). One of the most influential schools of thought within psychology’s history was behaviorism. Health psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research. After the holocaust, in 1961, a Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann, who was accused of committing mass atrocities, was put on trial. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists. PLAY. An education in psychology is valuable for a number of reasons. They also suffered from the attitudes of white male psychologists who were not immune to the nonscientific attitudes prevalent in the society in which they developed and worked. THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH... OpenStax Psychology Chapter 4. Contemporary psychology is a diverse field that is influenced by all of the historical perspectives described in the preceding section. Thus, cognitive psychology is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. The approaches used in studying these topics are equally diverse. As mentioned in the opening section of this chapter, an undergraduate education in psychology is associated with a knowledge base and skill set that many employers find quite attractive. Women, members of ethnic minorities in both the United States and other countries, and individuals with sexual orientations other than straight had difficulties entering the field of psychology and therefore influencing its development. They are best known for their studies conducted on African American children and doll preference, research that was instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court desegregation case. Like Wundt, James also relied on introspection; however, his research approach also incorporated more objective measures as well. Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. Adjunct faculty members and instructors usually have an advanced degree in psychology, but they often have primary careers outside of academia and serve in this role as a secondary job. As more and more people live longer lives, the number of people of advanced age will continue to increase. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! The evaluation of information—assessing its reliability and usefulness— is an important skill in a world full of competing “facts,” many of which are designed to be misleading. The salivation reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound, that was presented in association with the initial food stimulus several times. 32 terms. For instance, research by Jean Piaget (Figure 1.12) demonstrated that very young children do not demonstrate object permanence. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. About 6 percent of all bachelor degrees granted in the United States are in the discipline of psychology (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). How to Use This Site. 1.1 What Is Psychology? Another influential woman, Mary Cover Jones, conducted a study she considered to be a sequel to John B. Watson’s study of Little Albert (you’ll learn about this study in the chapter on Learning). Obviously, the focus on the positive aspects of human nature that are characteristic of the humanistic perspective is evident (Thorne & Henley, 2005). This particular approach is known as the biopsychosocial model (Figure 1.15). 77 terms. Home. Biological psychology involves the study of the biological bases of behavior. Behavior modification is commonly used in classroom settings. For example, a study of characteristics of individuals seeking treatment for a binge eating disorder in Hispanic American, African American, and Caucasian American individuals found significant differences between groups (Franko et al., 2012). Chapter 1 2. Beginning with Maslow and Rogers, there was an insistence on a humanistic research program. Evolutionary psychologists have had success in finding experimental correspondence between observations and expectations. clareeggering. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment. The emergence of neuroscience and computer science aided this transition. LINK TO LEARNING: View a brief video of Carl Rogers describing his therapeutic approach to learn more. PLAY. Nash was the subject of the 2001 movie A Beautiful Mind. As a psychologist of Mexican heritage, he pointed out that the language and cultural barriers in testing were keeping children from equal opportunities (Guthrie, 1998). Unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what he or she might say. Developmental psychologists are interested in processes related to physical maturation. 4.0 and you must attribute OpenStax. The research interests of biological psychologists span a number of domains, including but not limited to, sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, and biological correlates of psychological disorders. Rather than explaining how personality arises, research is focused on identifying personality traits, measuring these traits, and determining how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Thus, psychological science is empirical, based on measurable data. Considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts became an important foundation in humanistic theory late in the century. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a No one was actually hurt or harmed in any way, Milgram’s experiment was a clever ruse that took advantage of research confederates, those who pretend to be participants in a research study who are actually working for the researcher and have clear, specific directions on how to behave during the research study (Hock, 2009). Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. History: Ch 9-12. This device, known as an operant conditioning chamber (or more familiarly, a Skinner box), has remained a crucial resource for researchers studying behavior (Thorne & Henley, 2005). However, very young infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. As such, licensed clinical psychologists can administer and interpret psychological tests, while psychiatrists can prescribe medications. 2.1 Basic Concepts; 2.2 Generating Good Research Questions; 2.3 Reviewing the Research Literature; Chapter 3: Research Ethics. clareeggering. As the name suggests, biopsychology explores how our biology influences our behavior. Darwin was well aware that behaviors should be adaptive and wrote books titled, The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), to explore this field. Issues in Developmental Psychology. View these student resources also provided by the APA. The approach taken by most evolutionary psychologists is to predict the outcome of a behavior in a particular situation based on evolutionary theory and then to make observations, or conduct experiments, to determine whether the results match the theory.

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