who was barry goldwater's running mate

[4] He became an influential member of the party's conservative wing, serving as chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Committee on Armed Services. First, while criticizing President Johnson's plans to cut funding to manned-bombers, he claimed that long-range missiles were "not dependable". [2], During the following period of mourning, Republican leaders called for a political moratorium, so as not to appear disrespectful. [48], In early February, Goldwater embarked on a campaign tour of Minnesota. [5], Alan I. Abramowitz & Wendy Davis, "Georgia: Ripe for the Picking--Presidential Politics in the Peach State" in. The committee helped to win over state delegations by filling caucuses with supporters in the American West and negotiating with party leaders in the Midwest. In July 1963, he made an attempt to regain lost support by taking aim at what he viewed as "extremist groups", targeting Goldwater specifically. [2], On October 27, actor Ronald Reagan, who had not yet entered politics, gave his official endorsement to Goldwater in what would come to be known as the "A Time for Choosing" speech. Jurdem, Laurence R. "'The Media Were Not Completely Fair to You': Foreign Policy, the Press and the 1964 Goldwater Campaign". [99] Immediately thereafter, he began a search for a running mate, narrowing the field to four easterners: William Scranton, Senator Thurston B. Morton of Kentucky, Congressman William E. Miller of New York, and Ohio Governor James A. He went on to win the Massachusetts and New Jersey primaries before withdrawing his candidacy because he had finally decided he did not want the Republican nomination.[11]. [3][4] As such, little politicking was done by the candidates of either major party until January 1964, when the primary season officially began. [55] He attended the Oklahoma and North Carolina state conventions to campaign for delegates, in the first of several crucial state conventions. "[30], On Friday, January 20, 1964, at the planned press conference from the patio of his home in Phoenix,[31] Goldwater, while on crutches as a consequence of a recent medical procedure, officially announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination for the office of President of the United States. Critics Rowland Evans and Robert Novak noted that even Goldwater supporters deemed the interview a "flop". This was also the only election in which the Democrats carried Alaska. However, in 1963, two years after Rockefeller's divorce from his first wife, he married Margaretta "Happy" Murphy, who was nearly 18 years younger than he and had just divorced her husband and surrendered her four children to his custody. Nevertheless, Goldwater officially announced his candidacy for the presidency in January 1964 from the patio of his Arizona home. [60] Neither won any delegates from the primary. [27] Voters increasingly viewed Goldwater as a right-wing fringe candidate. "[33] He promised "a choice, not an echo" in the election, and positioned himself to the right of Nelson Rockefeller,[34] who had announced his candidacy two months prior. [129] Goldwater believed that the Tennessee Valley Authority should be sold into the private sector. In accepting his nomination, Goldwater uttered his most famous phrase (a quote from Cicero suggested by speechwriter Harry Jaffa): "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. A rally planned at the Phoenix Municipal Stadium drew only 2,000 supporters, although 8,000 were expected,[93] and the candidate came under fire for mentioning that low grade Atomic bombs could be used to expose the supply of Communists in Vietnam. During a stop in Minneapolis, he leveled what the Associated Press labeled his "toughest campaign attack on Johnson's foreign policy." [14] Goldwater had previously voted in favor of the 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights acts, but only after proposing "restrictive amendments" to them. Rockefeller was angered by the result and declared that the convention had been overrun by radicals. [25] As a southerner, Johnson would appeal to the rural Protestant bloc that Goldwater hoped to gain against the northern Roman Catholic Kennedy. That comment came back to haunt him, in the form of a Johnson television commercial,[15] as did remarks about making Social Security voluntary[16] and selling the Tennessee Valley Authority. [87] Goldwater won primaries in Texas,[88] Nebraska[89] and Indiana,[90] but lost Oregon and its 18 delegates to Rockefeller. The five Southern states that voted for Goldwater swung over dramatically to support him. [34] Of these states, Louisiana had been the only state where a Republican had won even once since Reconstruction. Rockefeller was loudly booed when he came to the podium for his speech; in his speech he roundly criticized the party's conservatives, which led many conservatives in the galleries to yell and scream at him. [8] Johnson lost Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina. [75], Later in April, President Johnson offered foreign policy briefings to each major presidential candidate, which Goldwater flatly rejected,[76] calling it "an offhand political gesture". The Democratic campaign used two other slogans, "All the way with LBJ"[30] and "LBJ for the USA". [100] United Press International reported that an authoritative source informed them that former President Eisenhower asked Scranton to be "more available" for the presidential nomination. [28][29], The Johnson campaign's greatest concern may have been voter complacency leading to low turnout in key states. Goldwater espoused a low-tax, small-government philosophy. Goldwater responded by accusing Rockefeller of blurring the line separating the Republican and Democratic parties. After publication, it rose to the top of many national bestseller lists. John Grenier, the former Alabama Republican Party chairman and the committee's southern regional coordinator, was responsible for the Republican organization in the South. Since 1940, the Eastern moderates had defeated conservative presidential candidates at the GOP's national conventions. "[38] Ronald Reagan's speech on Goldwater's behalf, grassroots organization, and the conservative takeover (although temporary in the 1960s) of the Republican party would all help to bring about the "Reagan Revolution" of the 1980s. [128] Although virtually unknown to many voters, Miller was viewed by those familiar with him as a wise choice for the vice-presidential nomination, with his supporters arguing that he would play a key role in waging an aggressive campaign against Lyndon Johnson and the Democrats. Johnson's landslide victory coincided with the defeat of many conservative Republican Congressmen. [9] The Johnson–Kennedy hostility was rendered mutual in the 1960 primaries and the 1960 Democratic National Convention, when Robert Kennedy had tried to prevent Johnson from becoming his brother's running mate, a move that deeply embittered both men. [113] Scranton hoped to change their minds and took control of a semi-revived Stop Goldwater movement, campaigning nationwide and labeling Goldwater as unqualified. [17] With all potential candidates included, Goldwater led with 37 percent support. He argued that none of his opponents understood the problems of the south and were therefore un-viable general election candidates. [20] There were concerns that Goldwater and the more moderate Rockefeller could divide the Republican party, harming its chances of winning the general election. However, Goldwater was not a racist -- at least not an overt racist like so many Southern Democrats of the time, such as George Wallace and Bull Connor. Johnson also used Goldwater's speeches to imply that he would willingly wage a nuclear war, quoting Goldwater: "by one impulse act you could press a button and wipe out 300 million people before sun down." "[145], After leaving the Senate, Goldwater's views cemented as libertarian. [136] The commercial's effectiveness was diminished by Khrushchev's removal from office in October. over children reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. "[126], Goldwater selected William E. Miller, U.S. Representative and chairman of the Republican National Committee, as his running mate for the general election. When questioned about the presidential capabilities of the former president's younger brother, university administrator Milton S. Eisenhower, in July 1964, Goldwater replied, "One Eisenhower in a generation is enough." [69] [5] After winning re-election in 1958 against McFarland, who was heavily funded by labor unions, critics hailed Goldwater as the conservative successor of Robert A. Taft. Johnson also championed his passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, also advocating a series of anti-poverty programs collectively known as the Great Society. [17] The New York Herald-Tribune, a voice for eastern Republicans (and a target for Goldwater activists during the primaries), supported Johnson in the general election. This, among the passages of other controversial bills, included the proposal of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Republicans were divided between its moderate and conservative factions, with Rockefeller and other moderate party leaders refusing to campaign for Goldwater. Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee. "Evicted from the Party: Black Republicans and the 1964 Election". [147], In 1997, Goldwater was revealed to be in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. "[63] He traveled to the state to vie for the endorsement of the 14,000 member California GOP at the party's annual convention. [37] Hoping to make up for the setback, he left for New Hampshire, beginning a 19-day campaign swing, ahead of the state's March 10 primary. Goldwater began to receive hate mail for creating a "climate of hate", and reconsidered his run for the presidency. [101], Goldwater mathematically secured the nomination after winning an additional 56 delegates at the Texas Republican Convention in Dallas on June 16. Farrington, Joshua D. (2020). In September, a poll conducted by the Goldwater campaign revealed that Johnson had a comfortable lead over him. Conversely, Johnson was the first Democrat ever to carry the state of Vermont in a Presidential election, and only the second Democrat, after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 when the Republican Party was divided, to carry Maine in the twentieth century. The Barry Goldwater presidential campaign of 1964 began when United States Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona elected to seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States to challenge incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson. However, Eisenhower did not openly repudiate Goldwater and made one television commercial for Goldwater's campaign. [10], Goldwater grew libertarian as he reached the end of his career,[144] and chose to retire from the Senate in 1987. Among them is Richard Perlstein, historian of the American conservative movement, who wrote of Goldwater's defeat, "Here was one time, at least, when history was written by the losers. [143], Four years after the election, Goldwater returned to the Senate and was re-elected twice. "[65] Meanwhile, his son, Barry Goldwater, Jr. campaigned for his father in Oregon[66] in preparation for the state's May 15 primary. [4] By 1937, he became president of the chain and was chairman of the board by 1953. He died in 1998 at the age of 89. Retrieved August 7, 2005. The final showdown between Goldwater and Rockefeller was in the California primary. In early 1964, despite his personal animosity for the president, Kennedy had tried to force Johnson to accept him as his running mate. He proposed an outline to maintain peace that included the encouragement of Communist "eviction from positions of control" in the world, and maintenance of American strength to keep the Soviet Union in check. Every Monday-Friday 8A-11A Stephanie Miller is no stranger to political talk and current events, as her late father, William E. Miller, was Barry Goldwater’s running mate in the Republicans’ failed 1964 bid for the presidency. This is the first election to have participation of the District of Columbia under the 23rd Amendment to the US Constitution. [82] Rumors spread that former President Eisenhower wanted a more moderate choice than Goldwater, but he did not insert himself in the campaign. Hoover died of natural causes. With Rockefeller's elimination, the party's moderates and liberals turned to William Scranton, the Governor of Pennsylvania, in the hopes that he could stop Goldwater. In televising what the moderate wing portrayed as extremism on the part of Goldwater supporters, they hoped to entice voters to contact their delegates to convince them to endorse Scranton. The Johnson landslide defeated many conservative Republican congressmen, giving him a majority that could overcome the conservative coalition. Her latest book, The Power Worshippers, is a must-read; I reviewed it in The New York Review of Books. Then we'll go from there. Goldwater won his home state and swept the states of the Deep South, most of which had not voted for a Republican presidential candidate since the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Before Mr Biden, that list includes William Miller, Barry Goldwater's 1964 running mate; Ed Muskie, Hubert Humphrey's 1968 running mate; Sargent Shriver, George McGovern's 1972 running mate… [38] He asserted that Johnson was trying to appeal to Washington insiders as a New Deal liberal, while hoping to present himself to the public as a conservative. "Gallup Presidential Election Trial-Heat Trends, 1936–2008". The group also laid the foundation for the Southern strategy by essentially creating the Republican parties of the Deep South and overthrowing the Democratic patronage system. Goldwater refused to engage in what he called "personal vindictiveness and smear" and commented that Republicans should instead focus on defeating President Johnson.[92]. [5] Goldwater began active duty in the United States Army Air Forces just prior to the American entrance into World War II, and was deployed to India. Johnson beat Goldwater in the general election, winning over 61% of the popular vote, the highest percentage since the popular vote first became widespread in 1824. The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election. A group of moderates tried to rally behind Scranton to stop Goldwater, but Goldwater's forces easily brushed his challenge aside, and Goldwater was nominated on the first ballot. Johnson was heavily favored over Goldwater among Catholics (76% to 24%), and by a smaller margin among Protestants (55% to 45%). [45] Rockefeller challenged Goldwater to a debate,[44] though Goldwater felt that debating Rockefeller "would be more like debating a member of the New Frontier than...another Republican. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara blasted the remark and accused Goldwater of "damaging the national security". [7] Johnson biographers Rowland Evans and Robert Novak claim that the MFDP fell under the influence of "black radicals" and rejected their seats. Goldwater's total was lower than the 80 percent that was expected. Goldwater’s seeming personal aversion to exploiting the matter contributed to this, but at least as important were other stories that eclipsed them in the weeks ahead. Meanwhile, Nelson Rockefeller won the West Virginia and Oregon primaries against Goldwater, and William Scranton won in his home state of Pennsylvania. Moderate Republican governors felt the development effectively ended the anti-Goldwater movement, and thus secured his nomination. The conservatives had historically been based in the American Midwest, but beginning in the 1950s they had been gaining in power in the South and West. Washington Post columnist George Will took note of this, writing, "We...who voted for him in 1964 believe he won, it just took 16 years to count the votes. As a result, the electorate sought out other candidates. Rockefeller set his sights on Goldwater and warned of "extremism" in the Republican Party, but Goldwater instead criticized the Johnson administration for its policies on Communism, and called for Republicans to "just fight Democrats rather than other Republicans". This would be the only Republican ticket between 1948 and 1976 that did not include Nixon. "1964 Presidential Election Results". [32] In his campaign announcement speech, Goldwater justified his candidacy by stating that he had "not heard from any announced Republican candidate a declaration of conscience or of political position that could possibly offer to the American people a clear choice in the next presidential election. [56] While in North Carolina, Goldwater claimed that in order to win the election, the GOP nominee must carry the south. [10], In 1961, a group of twenty-two conservatives including Congressman John M. Ashbrook of Ohio, lawyer William A. Rusher and scholar F. Clifton White met privately in Chicago to discuss the formation of a grassroots organization to secure the nomination of a conservative at the 1964 Republican National Convention. From the beginning of his campaign, Goldwater fought an uphill battle to unseat an incumbent president under favorable economic circumstances. Goldwater's unsuccessful bid significantly influenced the modern conservative movement. It was also the last time that Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska[a], Kansas, and Oklahoma voted Democratic; as such, this was the most recent presidential election in which the entire Midwestern region voted Democratic. [115] Goldwater took a further hit after voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, questioning its constitutionality. However, the state's 26 delegates were likely to back Goldwater. [96] Goldwater rejected the legitimacy of the polls,[97] and appeared to find a glimmer of hope as Nixon and Scranton each declared neutrality for the California Primary, acknowledging the importance of party unity, and thus preventing any further proliferation of the "Stop Goldwater" movement. [128], In the wake of John F. Kennedy's death and favorable economic circumstances, Lyndon Johnson was the favorite candidate early on in the general election campaign. Margin of victory less than 5% (23 electoral votes): Margin of victory over 5%, but less than 10% (40 electoral votes): Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic), Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican), Counties with highest percent of vote (other). In 1945, he was discharged from active duty as a lieutenant colonel in piloting and went on to organize the Arizona National Guard. Both men spoke before the Republican Women's Conference in Washington in early April. He accused the administration of failing in Vietnam and Panama and argued that Johnson was "off making promises to buy votes at home while the world smolders and burns. Grassroots efforts heightened as well,[12] climaxing with a July 4 rally in Washington D.C. attended by 8,000 supporters. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. [59] The chairman of the Florida GOP attributed the defeat to a divided campaign, which he also witnessed in his state,[61] where party leaders such as Congressman William C. Cramer disagreed over a delegate slate. He began to criticize the "moneymaking ventures by fellows like Pat Robertson and others [in the Republican Party] who are trying to...make a religious organization out of it." He cast Goldwater as an opponent of civil rights[20] and an isolationist who wanted to withdraw from the United Nations. The only candidate other than President Johnson to actively campaign was then Alabama Governor George Wallace who ran in a number of northern primaries, though his candidacy was more to promote the philosophy of states' rights among a northern audience; while expecting some support from delegations in the South, Wallace was certain that he was not in contention for the Democratic nomination. The Republican candidate for president in 1964 was Barry Goldwater, a conservative whose gimmicky campaign buttons often read “Au H20” (“Au” for gold, “H20” for water). [94] Meanwhile, his Florida slate was rejected by the party,[95] and Rockefeller led him 57% to 43% in California polls. The article received heavy publicity and resulted in a change to the ethics guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association. He projected that the June 2 California Primary would be a better test of the strength of the primary field ahead of the national convention in July. [6][7] In the book, Goldwater criticized the effectiveness of the "radical, or Liberal, approach" to politics and discussed many contemporary issues that divided the nation at the time including civil rights and the welfare state. [42] General Curtis LeMay backed Goldwater's claims, and Congressional hearings would later be conducted on missile reliability. [32], Johnson led in all opinion polls by huge margins throughout the entire campaign.[33]. [83] Senator Jacob Javits attempted to rally a movement to prevent Goldwater's nomination, but as the convention neared, the likelihood of Goldwater's nomination grew further. "[23], The dynamic of the race changed in November 1963 when President Kennedy was assassinated and succeeded by Vice President Lyndon Johnson. His slogan "In your heart, you know he's right" was successfully parodied by the Johnson campaign into "In your guts, you know he's nuts", or "In your heart, you know he might" (as in "he might push the nuclear button"), or even "In your heart, he's too far right". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. [71] He won the Illinois primary with 64 percent of the vote and gained most of the state's 48 delegates,[72] but the victory was overshadowed by the 25 percent performance by long-shot candidate Margaret Smith. [80] He won an additional 16 delegates from his home state of Arizona following a convention without any debate. Throughout much of the campaign, Goldwater was on the defensive, using television commercials to respond to accusations from Johnson and clarify statements that he had made previously. [117] After returning from Washington, Goldwater briefly returned to Phoenix to attend his daughter's wedding, which received a great deal of media coverage. Johnson won the white vote over Goldwater (59% to 41%) and was heavily favored by the nonwhite electorate (94% to 6%). [5] At the time, most political pundits saw Kennedy's assassination as leaving the nation politically unsettled. Initially, Goldwater defended Nixon in light of the Watergate scandal until August 5, 1974, when he withdrew his support. Many white delegates from Mississippi and Alabama refused to sign any pledge, and left the convention; and many young civil rights workers were offended by any compromise. [120] Dirksen's support further deflated the Stop Goldwater movement, as the Senator had criticized Goldwater's earlier vote against the Civil Rights Act, but concluded upon further review that he was only being consistent with his views. He also escalated the Vietnam War, which eroded his popularity. [8], On the right wing of the Republican party, some of Goldwater's political positions included anti-communism, an emphasis on total victory in war and opposition to high taxes and government spending. By 1959, he had attained the rank of brigadier general in the Air Force Reserve Command, and was a major general by 1962. "[46] Despite the criticism, Goldwater refused to alter his political beliefs, opting to remain consistent with his conservative ideology. [98] The birth of Rockefeller's child likely reminded voters of his adultery. He criticized some aspects of Eisenhower's economic policy, citing his failure to balance the federal budget. The 1964 election occurred just less than one year after the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_presidential_campaign,_1964 He referred to this as the "stupidest statement" he ever heard from a defense secretary. [3], Barry Goldwater's executive experience stretched back to 1929, when he took over his family's department store chain "Goldwater's" after finishing one year at the University of Arizona. [52] During the trip, he publicly wondered why "the Rockefeller family wants to do business with...Communist countries",[53] and remarked that he would fire defense secretary McNamara for his insistence that long range missiles were more accurate than manned bombings. [47] Nevertheless, polls at the end of January marked an eight-point decrease in Goldwater's New Hampshire lead from two months previous. During a press conference, he announced plans to utilize television to spread his message, and attacked his opponent, Rockefeller, for labeling the campaign as extremist. The 1964 Republican National Convention at Daly City, California's Cow Palace arena was one of the most bitter on record, as the party's moderates and conservatives openly expressed their contempt for each other. Johnson eliminated this threat by announcing that none of his cabinet members would be considered for second place on the Democratic ticket. Goldwater stated that he chose Miller simply because "he drives [President] Johnson nuts". [116] But the vote helped Goldwater among southern Democrats. She’s the daughter of William Miller, Barry Goldwater’s 1964 Republican presidential running mate. [118] Polls from late June, showed that in a head to head match up, Republicans favored Scranton over Goldwater[114] as Scranton escalated his attacks, labeling Goldwater's policy positions as "ignorant" with the convention just twelve days away. [23] News of Rockefeller's marriage in May 1963, eighteen months after he divorced his first wife, to a woman with whom he had had a relationship for over five years spread quickly throughout the nation. The long-term realignment of conservatives to the Republican Party continued, culminating in the 1980 presidential victory of Ronald Reagan. Goldwater lost the college-educated, high school-educated and grade school-educated population to Johnson (52% to 48%, 62% to 38% and 66% to 34%, respectively). [139][140] The speech was Reagan's "unofficial entrance to politics" and played a crucial role in his election as Governor of California in 1966. Despite his defeat in New Hampshire, Goldwater pressed on, winning the Illinois, Texas, and Indiana primaries with little opposition, and Nebraska's primary after a stiff challenge from a draft-Nixon movement. Goldwater said that he considered desegregation a states' rights issue, rather than a national policy, and believed the 1964 act to be unconstitutional. [67], In early April, Goldwater himself traveled to Oregon and made several campaign stops, noting the "psychological importance" of the state's primary due to its proximity to California. Source (electoral vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". Of the 3,126 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Johnson won in 2,275 (72.77%) while Goldwater carried 826 (26.42%). [27] Goldwater strongly opposed Johnson's civil rights program, and during his president campaign he "very deliberately sought to splinter the Democrats' traditional southern base" in what has been termed the Republicans' first use of a Southern strategy. [6] Johnson received 1,106,999 votes in the primaries. Her humor and snappy political wit draws listeners from all sides and makes her the perfect antidote to cantankerous conservatives. 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